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Exploring Big Bang Matter with Collisions of Heavy Nuclei at the Large Hadron Collider

Johanna Stachel

Physikalisches Institut der Universitaet Heidelberg

July 23, 2021

ABSTRACT

In physics, we can trace back the development of the universe close to the Big Bang 13.7 billion years ago. Experiments at the Large Hadron Collider LHC at CERN allow to travel back in time and create in the laboratory matter as it existed between picosedonds and microseconds after the Big Bang. In this so-called quark epoc, the fundamental interactions had taken their present form but the temperature was still so high that the fundamental constituents of matter, the quarks and gluon were not bound in nucleons. This state of matter, the Quark-Gluon Plasma, can now be created in the laboratory in collisions of atomic nuclei at very high energies at the LHC. In the laboratory, it lives even much shorter than in the early universe, only the time it takes light to travel a few femtometers. Yet, with sophisticated

experiments the properties of this entirely new and different state of matter can be studied. I will show how we can for instance measure its temperature, exceeding two hundred thousand times the temperature in the interior of the sun. And also how we can prove that the quarks are actually freed from their confinement into bound states like the proton.

BIOGRAPHY

Johanna STACHEL studied chemistry and physics at the University of Mainz and the ETH Zuerich. She went to Stony Brook University in the US as Feodor Lynen Fellow in 1982 and was subsequently on the Stony Brook physics faculty until 1995. Since 1996 she has a chair a professor of experimental physics at Heidelberg University. Between 2003 and 2012 she acted as dean and vice dean of the faculty of physics and astronomy. She was the first female president of the 65000 member German Physical Society 2012-2014. Scientifically, Stachel is exploring the Quark-Gluon Plasma, a phase of strongly interacting matter that existed in the early universe and can be created in the laboratory in collisions of highly energetic nuclei. She had an important role in the construction of the ALICE experiment at the LHC and serves in important managing functions. She also made seminal contributions to the phenomenology of this field. For her work she has received numerous awards and medals and she is a member of several academies.

Johanna Stachel教授，德国海德堡大学物理研究所教授，海德堡大学物理和天文学学院院长，德国科学院院士，欧洲大型强子对撞机LHC-ALICE实验同步辐射探测器(TRD）项目负责人，ALICE执委会委员，BMBF研究重点项目发言人，Nucl. Phys. A高级主编，德国物理学会主席。曾任美国纽约州立大学石溪分校教授，欧洲核子研究中心SPS实验NA45/CERES发言人。发表了超过320篇学术论文，接受过250次学术邀请报告。1988 美国总统青年研究者奖；1997 美国物理学会院士（APS Fellow）；1997-2005 CERN SPS NA45/CERES 实验发言人；1998 德国柏林 - 勃兰登堡科学院院士；1999 德国联邦十字勋章；2001 Lautenschläger研究奖； 2011 当选为德国物理学会主席。