史上最著名的10个思想实验 (中英文)

“电车难题”是伦理学领域最为知名的思想实验之一，其内容大致是：一个疯子把五个无辜的人绑在电车轨道上。一辆失控的电车朝他们驶来，并且片刻后就要碾压到他们。幸运的是，你可以拉一个拉杆，让电车开到另一条轨道上。但是还有一个问题，那个疯子在那另一条轨道上也绑了一个人。考虑以上状况，你应该拉拉杆吗？

One of the most well known thought experiments in the field of ethics is the “Trolley Problem,” which goes something like this: a madman has tied five innocent people to a trolley track. An out of control trolley car is careening toward them, and is moments away from running them over. Luckily, you can pull a lever and divert the trolley to another track. The only problem is that the madman has also tied a single person to that track. Considering the circumstances, should you pull the lever?

认知论领域的一个最重要的思想实验就是“空地上的奶牛”。它描述的是，一个农民担心自己的获奖的奶牛走丢了。这时送奶工到了农场，他告诉农民不要担心，因为他看到那头奶牛在附件的一块空地上。虽然农民很相信送奶工，但他还是亲自看了看，他看到了熟悉的黑白相间的形状并感到很满意。过了一会，送奶工到那块空地上再次确认。那头奶牛确实在那，但它躲在树林里，而且空地上还有一大张黑白相间的纸缠在树上，很明显，农民把这张纸错当成自己的奶牛了。问题是出现了，虽然奶牛一直都在空地上，但农民说自己知道奶牛在空地上时是否正确？

One of the major thought experiments in epistemology (the field of philosophy that deals with knowledge) is what is known as “The Cow in the Field.” It concerns a farmer who is worried his prize cow has wandered off. When the milkman comes to the farm, he tells the farmer not to worry, because he’s seen that the cow is in a nearby field. Though he’s nearly sure the man is right, the farmer takes a look for himself, sees the familiar black and white shape of his cow, and is satisfied that he knows the cow is there. Later on, the milkman drops by the field to double-check. The cow is indeed there, but it’s hidden in a grove of trees. There is also a large sheet of black and white paper caught in a tree, and it is obvious that the farmer mistook it for his cow. The question, then: even though the cow was in the field, was the farmer correct when he said he knew it was there?

如果你关注近几年的政治时事，或者看过动作电影，那么你对于“定时炸弹”思想实验肯定很熟悉。它要求你想象一个炸弹或其他大规模杀伤性武器藏在你的城市中，并且爆炸的倒计时马上就到零了。在羁押中有一个知情者，他知道炸弹的埋藏点。你是否会使用酷刑来获取情报？

If you’ve paid any attention to political discourse over the past few years—or ever seen an action movie, for that matter—then you are no doubt familiar with the “ticking time bomb” thought experiment. It asks you to imagine that a bomb or other weapon of mass destruction is hidden in your city, and the timer on it will soon strike zero. You have in your custody a man with knowledge of where the device is planted. Do you resort to torture in order to get him to give up the information?

爱因斯坦著名的狭义相对论是受启于他16岁做的思想实验。在他的自传中，爱因斯坦回忆他当时幻想在宇宙中追寻一道光线。他推理说，如果他能够以光速在光线旁边运动，那么他应该能够看到光线成为“在空间上不断振荡但停滞不前的电磁场”。对于爱因斯坦，这个思想实验证明了对于这个虚拟的观察者，所有的物理定律应该和一个相对于地球静止的观察者观察到的一样。

It’s a little known fact that Albert Einstein’s famous work on special relativity was spurred by a thought experiment he conducted when he was only 16 years old. In his book Autobiographical Notes, Einstein recalls how he once daydreamed about chasing a beam of light as it traveled through space. He reasoned that if he were able to move next to it at the speed of light, he should be able to observe the light frozen in space as “an electromagnetic field at rest though spatially oscillating.” For Einstein, this thought experiment proved that for his imaginary observer “everything would have to happen according to the same laws as for an observer who, relative to the Earth, was at rest.”

最为古老的思想实验之一。最早出自普鲁塔克的记载。它描述的是一艘可以在海上航行几百年的船，归功于不间断的维修和替换部件。只要一块木板腐烂了，它就会被替换掉，以此类推，直到所有的功能部件都不是最开始的那些了。问题是，最终产生的这艘船是否还是原来的那艘特修斯之船，还是一艘完全不同的船？如果不是原来的船，那么在什么时候它不再是原来的船了？哲学家Thomas Hobbes后来对此进来了延伸，如果用特修斯之船上取下来的老部件来重新建造一艘新的船，那么两艘船中哪艘才是真正的特修斯之船？

One of the oldest of all thought experiments is the paradox known as the Ship of Theseus, which originated in the writings of Plutarch. It describes a ship that remained seaworthy for hundreds of years thanks to constant repairs and replacement parts. As soon as one plank became old and rotted, it would be replaced, and so on until every working part of the ship was no longer original to it. The question is whether this end product is still the same Ship of Theseus, or something completely new and different. If it’s not, at what point did it stop being the same ship? The Philosopher Thomas Hobbes would later take the problem even further: if one were to take all the old parts removed from the Ship of Theseus and build a new ship from them, then which of the two vessels is the real Ship of Theseus?

为了反驳亚里士多德的自由落体速度取决于物体的质量的理论，伽利略构造了一个简单的思想实验。根据亚里士多德的说法，如果一个轻的物体和一个重的物体绑在一起然后从塔上丢下来，那么重的物体下落的速度快，两个物体之间的绳子会被拉直。这时轻的物体对重物会产生一个阻力，使得下落速度变慢。但是，从另一方面来看，两个物体绑在一起以后的质量应该比任意一个单独的物体都大，那么整个系统下落的速度应该最快。这个矛盾证明了亚里士多德的理论是错误的。

One of the earliest thought experiments originated with the physicist and astronomer Galileo. In order to refute Aristotle’s claim that the speed of a falling object is dictated by its mass, Galileo devised a simple mental example: According to Aristotelian logic, if a light object and a heavy object were tied together and dropped off a tower, then the heavier object would fall faster, and the rope between the two would become taut. This would allow the lighter object to create drag and slow the heavy one down. But Galileo reasoned that once this occurs, the weight of the two objects together should be heavier than the weight of either one by itself, therefore making the system as a whole fall faster. That this is a contradiction proved that Aristotle’s hypothesis was wrong.

另一个在流行文化中占了很大分量的思想实验是“无限猴子定理”，也叫做“猴子和打字机”实验。定理的内容是，如果无数多的猴子在无数多的打字机上随机打字，并持续无限久的时间，那么在某个时候，它们必然会打出莎士比亚的全部著作。猴子和打字机的设想在20世纪初被法国数学家Emile Borel推广，但其基本思想（无数多的人员和无数多的时间能产生任何/所有东西）可以追溯至亚里士多德。

Another thought experiment that gets a lot of play in popular culture is what is known as the “infinite monkey theorem.” Also known as the “monkeys and typewriters” experiment, the theorem states that if an infinite number of monkeys were allowed to randomly hit keys on an infinite number of typewriters for an infinite amount of time, then at some point they would “almost surely” produce the complete works of Shakespeare. The monkeys and typewriters idea was popularized in the early 20th century by the French mathematician Emile Borel, but its basic idea—that infinite agents and infinite time will randomly produce anything and everything—dates back to Aristotle.

“中文房间”最早由美国哲学家John Searle于20世纪80年代初提出。这个实验要求你想象一位只说英语的人身处一个房间之中，这间房间除了门上有一个小窗口以外，全部都是封闭的。他随身带着一本写有中文翻译程序的书。房间里还有足够的稿纸、铅笔和橱柜。写着中文的纸片通过小窗口被送入房间中。根据Searle的理论，房间中的人可以使用他的书来翻译这些文字并用中文回复。虽然他完全不会中文，Searle认为通过这个过程，房间里的人可以让任何房间外的人以为他会说流利的中文。

The Chinese Room is a famous thought experiment first proposed in the early 1980s by John Searle, a prominent American philosopher. The experiment asks you to imagine that an English speaking man has been placed in a room that is entirely sealed, save for a small mail slot in the chamber door. He has with him a hard copy in English of a computer program that translates the Chinese language. He also has plenty of spare scratch paper, pencils, and file cabinets. Pieces of paper containing Chinese characters are then slipped through the slot in the door. According to Searle, the man should be able to use his book to translate them and then send back his own response in Chinese. Although he doesn’t speak a word of the language, Searle argues that through this process the man in the room could convince anyone on the outside that he was a fluent speaker of Chinese.

薛定锷的猫最早由物理学家薛定锷提出，是量子力学领域中的一个悖论。其内容是：一只猫、一些放射性元素和一瓶毒气一起被封闭在一个盒子里一个小时。在一个小时内，放射性元素衰变的几率为50%。如果衰变，那么一个连接在盖革计数器上的锤子就会被触发，并打碎瓶子，释放毒气，杀死猫。因为这件事会否发生的概率相等，薛定锷认为在盒子被打开前，盒子中的猫被认为是既死又活的。

Schrödinger’s Cat is a paradox relating to quantum mechanics that was first proposed by the physicist Erwin Schrödinger. It concerns a cat that is sealed inside a box for one hour along with a radioactive element and a vial of deadly poison. There is a 50/50 chance that the radioactive element will decay over the course of the hour. If it does, then a hammer connected to a Geiger counter will trigger, break the vial, release the poison, and kill the cat. Since there is an equal chance that this will or will not happen, Schrödinger argued that before the box is opened the cat is simultaneously both alive and dead.

没有比所谓的“缸中的大脑”假说更有影响力的思想实验了。这个思想实验涵盖了从认知学到哲学到流行文化等各个领域。这个实验的内容是：想象有一个疯狂科学家把你的大脑从你的体内取出，放在某种生命维持液体中。大脑上插着电极，电极连到一台能产生图像和感官信号的电脑上。因为你获取的所有关于这个世界的信息都是通过你的大脑来处理的，这台电脑就有能力模拟你的日常体验。如果这确实可能的话，你要如何来证明你周围的世界是真实的，而不是由一台电脑产生的某种模拟环境？

There has been no more influential thought experiment than the so-called “brain in a vat” hypothesis, which has permeated everything from cognitive science and philosophy to popular culture. The experiment asks you to imagine a mad scientist has taken your brain from your body and placed it in a vat of some kind of life sustaining fluid. Electrodes have been connected to your brain, and these are connected to a computer that generates images and sensations. Since all your information about the world is filtered through the brain, this computer would have the ability to simulate your everyday experience. If this were indeed possible, how could you ever truly prove that the world around you was real, and not just a simulation generated by a computer?

【留美学子】小结

史上最著名的10个思想实验包括:

电车难题、

空地上的奶牛、

定时炸弹、

爱因斯坦的光线、

特修斯之船、

伽利略的重力实验、

猴子和打字机、

中文房间、

薛定锷的猫、

缸中的大脑。

它们讨论了什么内容？

这里涵盖了

身份本质的挖掘、

知识定义的内涵、

道德与功利之间的关系

一些生活中我们常见又被忽视的思考。

这些让你我他她 

脑洞大开了多少呢？

【留美学子】编辑整理，诚意推荐，无任何商业链接！